Science lab 3.11 Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science 3.11 - Lab Report Example This paper diagrams a methodology for tidying up oil slicks in the ocean. All the four strategies helped in tidying up the water. The plume plunged in oil and water blend was not the same as the one dunked in the oil slick cleaned water. There were difficulties of how to manage the oils spill after it was gathered from the water. The cotton balls assimilated water just as the oil. The dish cleanser just broke the oil and it doesn't expel the oil from the water while utilization of Styrofoam is tedious, and they additionally go about as contaminations. The home tidy up process is simpler when contrasted with the one in the sea since there are wind and flows in the sea which causes the oil slick to move and now and again blend in with the water making the tidy up troublesome. Utilization of paper towels in tidying up oil slicks is increasingly successful when contrasted with different strategies. They retain the oil without engrossing water when contrasted with the cotton balls. They are likewise confronted with the test of how to manage the gathered oil slicks, which might be separated utilizing the dish cleanser. Oil slick in seas and oceans is a general disaster that is causing natural contamination and passing of marine animals. There is a need to receive an oil cleaning method that will clean oil slicks when they happen and forestall their unfavorable effects. I would prescribe adjustment of the paper towel to empower application in enormous ships and water vessels to empower tidy up which won't just be modest yet additionally

Landlord and Tenant Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Landowner and Tenant Law - Essay Example In the first place, Able started broad work on the unit. In any case, the chiefs of Able before long found that the turnover from exchanging was not going to be as gainful as they had trusted. Henceforth, the broad work to the rooftop was rarely finished. Albeit watertight, the rooftop is unattractive and not up to present day norms. In 2002, Able found that the solid used to frame the premise of the floor of the unit was not of the right sort. Thus, the surface had gotten brittle and hard to stroll on. The best way to take care of this issue is unearth the floor and lay another one at an expense of GBP 250,000. Rather than undertaking any work, when the difficult previously got intense, Able laid metal sheeting on the floor as a transitory measure. The extractor fans fixed to the dividers of the unit have stopped to work and when Able got cites for putting in new ones, they found that the first production had gone into liquidation and new ones would need to be sourced from an alternate provider. The new fans would be bigger and require broad establishment work assessed at GBP 20,000. A chief of Able has found recycled fans which could be introduced at a small amount of this expense. Be that as it may, these are more seasoned models than those as of now introduced and just work at half proficiency. As of late, assessors trained by the proprietor have investigated the unit. Based on their counts, the landowner guarantees that the expense to Able of going along completely with the pledge toward the finish of the term will be GBP 360,000. This remembers fulfillment of the work for the rooftop, laying another floor, putting in new fans instead of recycled ones, and completing different incidental works. The chiefs of Able are incensed, particularly since they have found that the landowner has presented an arranging application to the neighborhood arranging authority under which the current unit would be annihilated. The Questions The lease subtleties, that is the measure of lease payable, and if any store had been paid to the proprietor, are not given. Insights about the way in which the rent understanding was made are additionally not given. Was the understanding made through attorneys Were legal counselors connected by the landowner when the understanding was made Did Able draw in legal counselors to settle on the understanding It is imperative to know the responses to these inquiries so as to pinpoint the right answers. It is conceivable to induce the results without these answers. The data relating to the conditions that have driven Able to look for lawful position are there. Based on these data gave the answers for the issues raised will be given. The Cost of Repairs Apparently the reason isn't appropriate work environment. The reason needs long haul fixes and installations for long haul, issue free use. By and by, Able has felt free to settle on a concurrence with the landowner for utilization of the reason for a long time. The spot was flourishing around then. Thusly, the chiefs of Able may have felt constrained to have the spot on long haul rental premise, in any event, ready to oblige

The setting of a story makes up most of the plot. Essay Example For Students

The setting of a story makes up the greater part of the plot. Exposition The earth impacts the characters and how they act. The setting of The Lord of the Flies happens on an island in no place. This story is about a gathering of children that get caught on an island after a plane accident. There are no grown-ups with them since they all kicked the bucket from the accident. William Golding made this the setting to make the plot of the story additionally fascinating. An explanation that Golding utilizes an island as the setting since he needs a gathering of children without anyone else with no grown-up oversight. He needed to show what children would manage without grown-ups around. The ways of life of the children will be changed due to the condition that they need to live in. A case of this is when Ralph chose to go around exposed. He doesnt need grown-ups controlling their activities since it would demolish the point he is attempting to make. We will compose a custom exposition on The setting of a story makes up the vast majority of the plot. explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Golding likewise made the setting on an island since he needs the kids to make their own way of life and society. It will show their own sort of government on the island and will offer duties to every one of the characters. The sort of government will shape their practices and the regard from the others. Their principles of human advancement change the manner in which individuals feel about one another. For instance, Jack doesn't care for Ralph in light of the fact that Ralph is the pioneer of the gathering and settles on the choices, however Jack doesnt like the way Ralph drives them. Another explanation Golding put the setting on an island is that nature is unique in relation to the conditions that theyre used to. The earth and vegetation of the island is a major effect on their day by day life. Their life fundamentally spins around the things that live and develop on the island. They should be capable and caring enough not to mishandle their assets. They likewise need to settle on brilliant choices, with the goal that it doesnt get crushed. For instance, the littluns would simply utilize the restroom anyplace they need and make the island grimy and rancid. Another model is the point at which the characters would simply make bon fires any place they need, without caring what woodland fire they can make. The setting on the island incredibly influences the point that Golding is attempting to make. It additionally makes the story all the more intriguing and places fervor into the plot. The characters lifestyle is changed in light of the fact that the earth and the n onattendance of grown-up management.

Valuations On Distressed Firms And Assets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

What is valuation? From the first days on this planet humanity evaluates. Ancient people thought about: how many fruits and vegetables they should take in exchange for a meat and not take too few. With currency system development, everything has been evaluated in money. But the same problem stayed: how to find fair value and not to make yourself a fool. Thousand years passed, many concepts, price theories were devised, but there is still no unique approach. And probably as physics goes more and more deeply into substance, failing to find ultimate particle, economists face or do the same. Often during the course of business many companies are in a situation wherein they find it difficult to maintain their normal course of business. In such cases they are termed as distressed firms. However, show must go on. Either someone with financial power buys them out or the firm will be liquidated. It is an interesting and sophisticated work. Ascertaining the value of a distressed company is very crucial for those who are interested in the company. Interested parties require this information to determine what the actual underlying value of the business is and what discounts are to be made over this value to get an accurate picture of the business value of the firm. First of all, in this article we will pay attention for distressed company valuation as special case, which required its own approach. Of course, usual valuation techniques can be used for distressed companies, but these results are very unstable. Various studies have shown that using valuation techniques for the valuation of distressed firms have produced results which are in the range of 20% to 300% of the actual value. This is a large difference and is not acceptable in any business transaction. For example in the case of Sahara Airlines there was a large difference in the bids of Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines. This emphasizes the underlying difficulty in estimating the value of distressed firms. Valuation technique may result in 300% of the true value of the distressed firm True Value of the Firm 20% Estimate of the firms value through valuation techniques. VALUATIONS In finance, valuation is the process of estimating the potential market va lue of a financial asset or liability. Valuations can be done on assets (for example, investments in marketable securities such as stocks, options, business enterprises, or intangible assets such as patents and trademarks) or on liabilities (e.g., Bonds issued by a company). Valuations are required in many contexts including investment analysis, capital budgeting, merger and acquisition transactions, financial reporting, taxable events to determine the proper tax liability, and in litigation. Methods of Corporate Valuation There are several methods which are widely used in the industry for analysing the value of any firm. Many-a-times several methods are used to get a better idea of the underlying value of the firm. The focus of this paper is valuation of distressed assets, so we will not go into details of the traditional approaches DISTRESSED FIRMS One of the simplest definitions for a distressed firm is any firm that in near future wont be able to fulfil its obligations. Firm in this case may either go bankrupt and consequently liquidate its asset or it may undergo restructuring. In any case it is important to identify the true value of the firm. Other definition of a Distressed Asset is as follows. Assets are usually considered distressed when their value is severely depressed for a reason particular to the issuer and not because of general market conditions. CHARACTERISTICS OF A POSSIBLE DISTRESSED FIRM Financial distress is typically an unanticipated event. It is really difficult to identify the potential firms which are on the verge of default. But there are peculiar indicators which can give an idea about the health of the firm. Businesses transitioning along a continuum of financial health from going concern to distressed, often exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: Over-leveraged balance sheet A high debt to Equity Ratio and debt to Asset ratio is a first signal of the upcoming problem. Sometimes it may be due to bad management or it may be due to aggressive Merger and Acquisition strategy. For example after the acquisition of the Tata Steel, its balance sheet is over leveraged. Covenant and/or payment defaults If a firm fails to meet its debt or other obligations on time then it is an indication of poor health of the firm or poor management of resources. Lack of internal controls Many a times due to lack of systems and procedures there is a lack of internal control in the firm. Loss of a major customer, supplier, or key employee Sometimes a company gets a major chunk of its business from one key customer. Similarly there is one key supplier who supplies a raw material critical for the production. In such cases if there is a loss of such customer or supplier then entire operations of the company are in jeopardy. This is what Reliance did when it was the single supplier of one of the critical raw materials for plastic industry. Management seeking bridge financing for quick fixes If the management of the company is having a short term approach and is looking for quick fix solutions instead of long term solutions. Discovery of fraud Discovery of fraud is a very good indication of an unhealthy firm. For example in the case of Satyam, when its erstwhile promoter Ramalinga Raju tried to get Maytas Infra under Satyam, many analysts were sceptical about the companys health. Product failure Sometimes companies get most of their revenue from one single product. Also many companies tend to invest all their resources in a single product. In such cases if the product fails then the entire firm is doomed to fail. Obsolete business model If a firm fails to innovate and continues its business with same model then after sometime its business model will become redundant and obsolete. Firms with obsolete business models are always next in line to fail. Cyclical downturn Many industry sectors have a common phenomenon of cyclical downturn. There is a recession in the industry after every cycle of say 10 or 15 years. Strong companies are able to overcome such scenarios but the weaker players succumb to it. Volatility in raw material and energy costs In some sectors proportion of raw material cost is a very high. In such cases if the prices of raw materials jump steeply then the business becomes unviable. An example of such sector is Airlines industry which is highly dependent on the prices of the OIL. External shock to economy External factors may also influence the health of the company. These may be macro level factors like government policies or it can be events like terrorist activities. For example health of the hospitality industry is directly related to influx of tourists which in turn is related to peace in the country. After every major terrorist activity, Indian Hotel companies see a steep decline in their Occupancies. Although these characteristics are true for any distressed firm, but it doesnt means that if any firm shows any of these characteristics then it is going to bankrupt. For example a firm may make payment defaults but it doesnt means that the firm will have to be liquidated now. In fact in such cases the above characteristics just give a preliminary indication that finances of a particular firm are not in place. In such cases a deeper analysis of the firms financials is required. ADJUSTMENTS in DISTRESSED ASSET VALUATIONS Additional adjustments to a valuation approach, whether it is market-, income- or asset-based, are necessary in almost all the instances. These adjustments help in gauging a more accurate valuation for a distressed Asset. These involve: Excess or restricted cash Other non-operating assets and liabilities Lack of marketability discount Control premium or lack of control discount Above or below market leases Excess salaries in the case of private companies. There are other adjustments to the financial statements that have to be made when valuing a distressed company. Typical adjustments used to recast the financial statements for a distressed company include: Working capital adjustment Deferred capital expenditures Cost of goods sold adjustment Non-recurring professional fees and costs Certain non-operating income/expense items ADAPTING DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW VALUATION TO DISTRESS SITUATIONS When will the failure to consider distress in discoun ted cash flow valuation have a material impact on value? If the likelihood of distress is high, access to capital is constrained (by internal or external factors) and distress sale proceeds are significantly lower than going concern values, discounted cash flow valuations will overstate firm and equity value for distressed firms, even if the cash flows and the discount rates are correctly estimated. In this section, we will consider several ways of incorporating the effects of distress into the estimated value. Simulations In traditional valuation, we estimate expected values for each of the input variables. For instance, in valuing a firm, we may assume an expected growth rate in revenues of 30% a year and that the expected operating margin will be 10%. In reality, each of these variables has a distribution of values, which we condense into an expected value. Simulations attempt to utilize the information in the entire distribution, rather than just the expected value, to arrive at a value. By looking at the entire distribution, simulations provide us with an opportunity to deal explicitly with distress. Before we begin running the simulations, we will have to decide the circumstances which will constitute distress and what will happen in the event of distress. For example, we may determine that cumulative operating losses of more than $ 1 billion over three years will push the firm into distress and that it will sell its assets for 25% of book value in that event. The parameters for distress will vary not only across firms, based upon their size and asset characteristics, but also on the state of financial markets and the overall economy. A firm that has three bad years in a row in a healthy economy with rising equity markets may be less exposed to default than a similar firm in the middle of a recession. The steps in the simulation are as follows: Step 1: The first step involves choosing those variables whose expected values will be replaced by distributions. While there may be uncertainty associated with every variable in valuation, only the most critical variables might be chosen at this stage. For instance, revenue growth and operating margins may be the key variables that we choose to build distributions for. Step 2: We choose a probability distribution for each of the variables. There are a number of choices here, ranging from discrete probability distributions (probabilities are assigned to specific outcomes) to continuous distributions (the normal, lognorm al or exponential distribution). In making this choice, the following factors should be considered: The range of feasible outcomes for the variable; (e.g., the revenues cannot be less than zero, ruling out any distribution that requires the variable to take on large negative values, such as the normal distribution). The experience of the company on this variable. Data on a variable, such as operating margins historically, may help us determine the type of distribution that best describes it. While no distribution will provide a perfect fit, the distribution that best fits the data should be used. Step 3: Next, the parameters of the distribution chosen for each variable are estimated. The number of parameters will vary from distribution to distribution; for instance, the mean and the variance have to be estimated for the normal distribution, while the uniform distribution requires estimates of the minimum and maximum values for the variable. Step 4: One outcome is draw n from each distribution; the variable is assumed to take on that value for that particular simulation. To make the analysis richer, we can repeat this process each year and allow for correlation across variables and across time. Step 5: The expected cash flows are estimated based upon the outcomes drawn in step 4. If the firm meets the criteria for a going concern, defined before the simulation, we will then discount the cash flows to arrive at a conventional estimate of discounted cash flow value. If it fails to meet the criteria, we will value it as a distressed firm. Step 6: Steps 4 and 5 are repeated until a sufficient number of simulations have been conducted. In general, the more complex the distribution (in terms of the number of values the variable can take on and the number of parameters needed to define the distribution) and the greater the number of variables, the larger this number will be. Step 7: After every simulation, a value will be generated depending upo n whether it is a going concern or a distressed firm as the case may be. To calculate the value of the firm, take the average of all the simulated values. From simulation, probability of default can also be assessed along with the effects of distress on the underlying value of the firm. But there are some limitations to this approach. The most basic limitation is the identification of the inputs which are required for the analysis. In practice, it is difficult to choose both the right distribution to describe a variable and the parameters of that distribution. If the assumptions are not proper then although the outcome may look impressive but it will be of no value. Therefore, complete care should be taken to extract the maximum results. MODIFIED DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW VALUATION Discounted Cash Flow valuation can be adjusted to reflect the effects of firms distress on the valuations of the firm. We will use both Expected cash flows as well as discount rates to get an accurate valuation of the distressed firm. Estimating Expected Cash flows To consider the effects of distress into a discounted cash flow valuation, we have to incorporate the probability that a firm will not survive into the expected cash flows. In its most complete form, this would require that we consider all possible scenarios, ranging from the most optimistic to the most pessimistic, assign probabilities to each scenario and cash flows under each scenario, and estimate the expected cash flows each year. Where ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬jt is the probability of scenario j in period t and Cashflowjt is the cashflow under that scenario and in that period. These inputs have to be estimated each year, since the probabilities and the cash flows are likely to change from year to year. A shortcut, albeit an approximate one, would require estimates for only two scenarios the going concern scenario and the distress scenario. For the going concern scenario, we could use the expected growth rates and cash flows estimated under the assumption that the firm will be nursed back to health. Under the distress scenario, we would assume that the firm will be liquidated for its distress sale proceeds. Our expected cash flow for each year then would be: Where ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Going concern, t is the cumulative probability that the firm will continue as a going concern through period t. The probabilities of distress will have to be estimated for each year and the cumulative probability of surviving as a going concern can then be written as follows: Where ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬distress, t is the probability that the firm will become distressed in period t. For example, if a firm has 20% chance of distress in year 1 and a 10% chance of distress in year 2, the cumulati ve probability of surviving as a going concern over two years can be written as: Cumulative probability of survival over 2 years = (1- .20) (1 .10) = .72 or 72% Estimating Discount Rates: In conventional valuation, we often estimate the cost of equity using a regression beta and the cost of debt by looking at the market interest rates on publicly traded bonds issued by the firm. For firms with a significant probability of distress, these approaches can lead to inconsistent estimates. Consider first the use of regression betas. Since regression betas are based upon past prices over long periods (two to five years, for instance), and distress occurs over shorter periods, we will find that these betas will understate the true risk in the distressed firm. With the interest rates on corporate bonds, we run into a different problem. The yields to maturity on the corporate bonds of firms that are viewed as distressed reach extremely high levels, largely because the interest rates are computed based upon promised cash flows (coupons and face value) rather than expected cash flows. The presumption in a going concern valuation is that the promised cash flows have to be mad e for the firm to remain a going concern, and it is thus appropriate to base the cost of debt on promised rather than expected cash flows. For a firm with a significant likelihood of distress, this presumption is clearly unfounded. As an extreme example, consider estimating a beta for Enron at the end of 2001. The beta estimate from Bloomberg, using 2 years of data, was 1.45. Over three-quarters of this period, Enron was viewed (rightly or wrongly) as a healthy firm with positive earnings. It is only in the last part of the regression period that you see the effects of distress on stock prices and the debt to equity ratio of the firm. What are the estimation choices for distressed firms? To estimate the cost of equity, we have two options that provide more reasonable estimates than regression betas: CAPM Betas adjusted for distress Instead of using regression betas, we could use the bottom-up unlevered beta (the weighted average of unlevered betas of the businesses that the firm operates in) and the current market debt to equity ratio of the firm. Since distressed firms often have high debt to equity ratios, brought about largely as a consequence of dropping stock prices, this will lead to levered betas that are significantly higher than regression betas. If we couple this with the reality that most distressed firms are in no position to get any tax advantages from debt, the levered beta will become even higher. Levered beta = Bottom-up Unlevered beta (1 + (1- tax rate) (Debt to Equity ratio)) Note, though, that it is reasonable to re-estimate debt to equity ratios and tax rates for future years based upon our expectations for the firm and adjust the beta to reflect these changes. Distress factor Models In addition to the standard factor for market risk, we could add a separate distress factor to the cost of equity. In effect, this would make the cost of equity for distressed firms much higher than healthy firms in the same business. In fact, some have attributed the higher returns earned by firms with low price to book ratios to distress; low price to book stocks, they argue, are more likely to be distressed. Other studies, however, contest this notion by noting that portfolios of distressed firms have earned lower returns than portfolios of healthy firms historically. To estimate the cost of debt for a distressed firm, we would recommend using the interest rate based upon the firms bond rating. While this will still yield a high cost of debt, it will be more reasonable than the yield to maturity when default is viewed as imminent. To compute the cost of capital, we need to estimate the weights on debt on equity. In the initial year, we should use the current market debt to capital ratio (which may be very high for a distressed firm). As we make our forecasts for future years and build in our expectations of improvements in profitability, we should adjust the debt ratio towards more reasonable levels. The conventional practice of using target debt ratios for the entire valuation period (which reflect industry averages or the optimal mix) can lead to misleading estimates of value for firms that are significantly over levered. Limitations of Approach The biggest roadblock to using this approach is that even in its limited form, it is difficult to estimate the cumulative probabilities of distress (and survival) each year for the forecast period. Consequently, the expected cash flows may not incorporate the effects of distress completely. In addition, it is difficult to bring both the going concern and the distressed firm assumptions into the same model. We attempt to do so using probabilities, but the two approaches make different and sometimes contradictory assumptions about how markets operate and how distressed firms evolve over time. INVESTING IN DISTRESSED ASSETS The most common situation of a distressed asset is a commercial loan on which the issuer has defaulted on payments of principal or interest. Distressed asset investing generally, and emerging markets distressed investing in particular, are undertaken by a small number of firms. Implementing the strategies successfully requires specific skills and particular e conomic structures. For those firms with the appropriate professional skills and capital base, however, the strategies can be extremely profitable. Investing in such assets has become particularly more popular after the recession wherein many firms are in distressed state. There is still huge underlying value in assets of many such companies and proper valuation of these dark horses can lead to windfall gains for investors. Different types of Distressed Asset Investing Distressed investments can be categorised by the type of exit foreseen. In other words, what is the strategy for cashing out? Event-driven distressed investments. These are directional investments in distressed and special event situations in sovereign and corporate securities, for which some event is on the horizon which will transform the nature of and increase the value of the assets. The event can be a restructuring of a companys or countrys debt, a liquidation of a companys assets, or a buyback of outstanding debt by an issuer or by individuals. Capital gain from the investment is provided either through re-pricing upon occurrence of the event, or through the proceeds of a restructuring. Valuation-driven distressed investments. These are directional investments made in distressed situations where a transformative event is not at sight. The exit may be either through the market (re-pricing due to credit strengthening), cash flow, or an event (re-pricing upon an event or t hrough the proceeds of a restructuring). Some investors may buy distressed assets simply because the price seems too good to pass up, but this can be dangerous: what is cheap today may be cheap tomorrow, unless there is a reason for the value to rise. Valuation-driven investments should therefore be made only when a clear reason for triggering an increase in value can be ascertained, even if the timing of the increase is uncertain. Distressed investing usually involves the purchase of debt, but equity analysis is relevant for two reasons. First, the assets are usually non-performing, and therefore the theoretical yield is less important than the potential for capital gains; successful distressed debt investments will produce equity-like returns. Second, equities are increasingly being distributed to creditors as part of the package of assets coming out of debt restructurings; in this way, control of a companys debt pre-restructuring may later lead to equity control. Distres sed investing strategies may be combined with other complementary but uncorrelated investment strategies in liquid instruments. This can diversify portfolio risk, create hedging opportunities, and provide useful liquidity. Distressed investments are rarely possible to sell short, so any hedges for long positions or outright short positions must be undertaken in the context of a different, liquid investment strategy. Example of a Successful Distressed Investment A very famous Thai Oil Company at one point of time in the late 1990s had over $2 billion of debt outstanding. Company was not able to meet the obligations and had defaulted. After the default the market price of the debt fell and it was being traded at 30% of the actual face value. But here the company reorganized its finance and made a smart move. The company itself bought almost 50% of its outstanding debt at a price between 50-90% of the original face value. Company also agreed on a debt restructuring, in which it issued clean debt and gave  ½ of its equity to creditors. Thus improvements in the business and decrease in the outstanding debt led to rerating of its debt ratings. Now the debt was rating at par and thus made its once worth less equity very valuable. CONCLUSION Distressed firms, i.e., firms with negative earnings have a strong likelihood of failure; present a challenge to analysts valuing them because so much of conventional valuation is built on the pr esumption that firms are going concerns. But in the case of distressed firms this very assumption doesnt holds true. In this paper, we have examined how discounted cash flow has to be adjusted with respect to the valuation of distressed assets. With discounted cash flow valuation, we suggested two ways in which we can incorporate distress into value simulations that allow for the possibility that a firm will have to be liquidated and modified discounted cash flow models, where the expected cash flows and discount rates are adjusted to reflect the likelihood of default With relative valuation, we can adjust the multiples for distress or use other distressed firms as the comparable firms. In addition to this in the last section we talked about investing in such assets. From this we can say that trading in distressed assets that too particularly in emerging markets can be highly profitable, given the growth prospects naturally existing in such regions. But before dealing with di stressed firms it is very important to understand how to evaluate such firms. If the valuations can be done accurately then it can lead to windfall gains.

Alexander Pope s Translation Of The Iliad - 984 Words

Sometime last year, I started to bike to my job an hour early, in order to spend time reading before work at a nearby coffee shop. Among the books I read was Alexander Pope’s translation of the Iliad, and after a particularly cold a miserable bike ride in the winter, I came across this couplet: To labour is the lot of man below; / And when Jove gave us life, he gave us woe. That line struck me, partially because of the three thousand years of solidarity connecting my complaints to the old Greek kings, but because of how the words gained meaning to me as they carried meaning. Of course, that was not the first time I ever had a line or phrasing stick with me from a book. It was, however, the first time I realized the strangeness of being able to connect with words from an author so disparate from me in time and place who was writing about a setting completely disconnected from my own experiences. I had this little moment of clarity about my time as an undergraduate student in English. While thinking about it, I connected this couplet to a larger idea I had been circling around for a while about how works of fiction require a back and forth between a reader and text. While I underline quotes and take notes in the margins of books I read, I am adding my own words directly into the text of a book. As a great essay can change how people view an author or book, writing essays is a way to actively engage with texts in order to shape their meaning. This is what I had beenShow MoreRelatedDiscuss Alexander Popes The Rape Of The Lock as a Mock Heroic Poem.2174 Words   |  9 PagesArabella Fermor, and both she and her family had taken offence. Caryll suggested that Pope should write a poem to to make a jest of it, and laugh them together again. The result was the publication of The Rape of the Lock, in May 1712. However due to a favourable reaction, Pope published an expanded version in 1714, containing the card battle, the Cave of Spleen and the major addition of the s upernatural elements that pope refers to as the machinery. In 1717 a new edition containing the speech of ClarissaRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 Pagesfrom classical mythology; Shakespeares Venus and Adonis and the Christopher Marlowe/George Chapman Hero and Leander are examples of this kind of work. Translations of classical poetry also became more widespread, with the versions of Ovids Metamorphoses by Arthur Golding (1565–67) and George Sandys (1626), and Chapmans translations of Homers Iliad (1611) and Odyssey (c.1615), among the outstanding examples. [edit]Jacobean and Caroline poetry English Renaissance poetry after the Elizabethan poetryRead MoreOdyssey Historical Background6500 Words   |  26 PagesThe Odyssey ~ Background Information * The novel covers a 10 year period. * The novel was written approximately in 720 B.C. * The novel takes place in 1230 B.C. ~ during the Bronze age. * The Iliad (written first) and The Odyssey are based on historical events that took place about 1230 B.C. * Both novels are considered epic poems * The Odyssey is defined as a journey. This is the story of Odysseus’ journey back home after the Trojan War. From The Odyssey, Homer chose the

case study of South west airline Essay - 3247 Words

Module Code: HR 0372 Module Title: Culture and Organisation Student ID: W14036296 Student Name: Hsiao-min, Chang Tutor: Angus Robson Word count: 2698 CONTENTS An Analysis Of Organisational Culture 1. Background of Southwest Airlines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 2. Induction of The Practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 3. Justification of Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 4. Explanation of Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 5. An Analysis of The Practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 6. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 An Analysis of Organisational Culture 1 Background of Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines is a major American airline and pioneer in low-fare air transportation in the world, based in†¦show more content†¦These levels are used as a basis for assessing any organizational culture.( Comer, M., n.d.) Therefore the framework can be used to analyze dimensions of organizational culture influence employees in Southwest airline. Second, it is a popular viewpoint be used in many literatures on organization culture. (Sun, S.,2008) Third, Alvesson Berg, (1992) indicate that the framework having received less criticism. Moreover, Kong, S. H. (2000) and Miles, S,J., Mangold, W,G. (2005) also indicated Schein’s three levels model has capability to combine a number of perspectives in cultural studies. Additional, An onion diagram of organizational culture that developed by Hofstede et al. (1997) is based on Schein’s model. Hofstede divided culture in to four layers that include symbols, heroes, rituals and values. The similarities between both models are focused on the physical assumptions that shape the ideology of culture and lead to the norms and values. However, the model of Schein encompasses more aspects than the model of Hofstede. On the other hand, there are some critiques of Schein model form scholars viewpoints. First, Hatch, M. J. (1993). indicates that Schein’s model is lack of the dynamic role of assumptions and beliefs in creating and changing organizational culture. Second, Tuan, L,T. and Venkatesh, S. (2010) proposed the model developed by martins extend more on the interaction between the organizational sub-systems, the twoShow MoreRelatedCase Study : South West Airlines1362 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This case study on South West Airlines portrays how the company operates differently compared to the other companies within the U.S.A aviation industry. Southwest airline has indulged in activities that can only be. The strategies or tactics used by Southwest airline have challenged the big companies and enveloped on their market share. It is evident that Southwest airline has decided to try a different approach and models that have worked to their advantage (Gittell (2003), p.17). ForRead MoreSouth West Airlines Case Study865 Words   |  4 PagesSouthwest Airlines Case Study Manohar Gadiraju Overview Southwest Airlines has been a cost leader in the airline industry with continuous growth and profits for the past 35 years. It has been the fourth largest domestic carrier with low priced routes and a no frills policy - free of in-flight meals and baggage transfers. The low cost fares, almost comparable to automobile transportation costs, have created both an unprecedented growth and new markets for this airline. Southwest wasRead MoreWest Jet Case Study1653 Words   |  7 PagesCASE APPLICATION TURBULENT FLIGHT PLAN OVERVIEW: Air Canada is Canadas largest airline and flag carrier. The airline had founded in 1937. The company is the worlds 11th largest passenger airline by fleet size. The Chairman of Air Canada is David Richardson and the President and CEO is Montie Brewer. Air Canada operates flights to 99 destinations in Canada, the USA, Latin America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Combined with its Jazz network, the airline serves 163 destinations worldwideRead MoreName at Least Two Things That Southwest Is Doing Efficiently1486 Words   |  6 PagesPlane Smart Harvard Business School – Case Study Summary Abhishek Mehra Balaji P Saruabh Ranadive Sarang Bhutada * 2. The setting It’s summer of 1993 Southwest is expecting delivery of two uncommitted planes McGlade needs to find a way, to put these planes in operation, keeping the organizational objectives are intact Final decision would have to preserve the Southwest culture and spirit About Southwest Started as a intra-state operator in Texas Budget airline philosophy, survived a severe price-warRead MoreMaxwell Corporation Case Study996 Words   |  4 Pages1.) CASE STUDY : MAXWELL CORPORATION – DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: Marks: 15 Division A : roll no. 1 to 30 Division B : roll no.1 to 35 The President of Maxwell Corporation was considering whether the Company should set up its own distribution system or to outsource the entire distribution and logistics functions to a third party service provider. The Company had set up a manufacturing plant in Vizag where a wide range of orthopedic equipments like the crutches, wheel chairs, heating pads, elasticRead MoreDelays And Congestion At Frontiers East1089 Words   |  5 PagesPassenger air travel has been forecasted to increase to over 1 billion persons annually by 2023. This alone has a great likelihood of negatively impacting airport capacity at several of Frontier Airlines’ major hubs due to inefficient runway use. This case study will focus on delays and congestion at Frontier’s east coast hub, Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), and how improvements can effectively reduce the amount of delayed flights Frontier consistently experiences. Background PhiladelphiaRead MoreThe Cost Of Risk Management Aviation1391 Words   |  6 Pagesacademics to what has been reached from studies and research related In our study, which deals with the dangers Aviation Administration costs Focus on some of the research and related studies in the field of aviation research On Different studies document different period effects related to all methods of cost risk management issues. A major focus of this thesis will be is also presented the aviation accidents, financial hedging of airlines, Evaluate Performance Airlines of China. Our literature has beenRead MoreAt Chicago Midway Airport ( Mdw ) Capacity And Traffic Congestion1331 Words   |  6 PagesIn this case study, I will be looking at Chicago Midway Airport, (MDW) capacity and congestion. Midway Airport is one of Southwest Airline’s bases across the country. Southwest does not operate hubs nor point-to-point schedule network per se but operates a linear network which is a hybrid of a point to point and hubs and spoke. Southwest bases are located in Dallas - Love Field Airport (DAL), Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Houston – Hobby International Airport (HOU), Chicago MidwayRead MoreDubai International Airport, The Country Of United Arab Emirates1375 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational passenger traffic and third busiest in the world based in terms of passenger traffic. It is the hub of operations, strictly for Fly Emirates. Both the airport and the airline are owned and operated by the government of Dubai, the royal family(El Gazzar,2016). Currently, approximately 100 airlines operate out of the airport, serving 240 destinations. In 2014, airport capacity increased to 10.7%, brining the volume of traffic to 70.4 million passengers yearly(El Gazzar,2016) Read MoreSouthwest Airline case study2360 Words   |  10 PagesIllustrate the meaning of â€Å"Sustainable Competitive Advantage†. What was the main strategy adopted by Southwest Airlines that made it successful in the airline industry? Competitive advantage is a position of a company in a competitive landscape that allows the company earning return on investments higher than the cost of investments. Competitive advantage should be relevant, unique and sustainable. Therefore sustainable competitive advantage, it’s a long-term competitive advantage that a company

Coaching free essay sample

My passion has always been playing volleyball, but it was taken away from me with one dive, which resulted in a dislocated shoulder. Since then, I have switched my passion from playing volleyball to coaching it. When I walked into the gym, one arm hanging in a sling, all 10 pairs of eyes switched their attention to me. Never having played before the kids did not know how to act. After I explained I had been playing volleyball for seven years and this was my first year coaching, practice started. Instantly, I saw unacceptable teasing and bullying. As I walked up to the crying boy on the ground I asked him, â€Å"What’s wrong?† He pointed to a teammate, â€Å"They kicked me† he said in one sob. I stopped practice instantly and brought my team together. I said I was done with the bullying and if it happened again, I would call home and give them a one game suspension. We will write a custom essay sample on Coaching or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To the kids being bullied, I was a friend. I helped them through it, made it stop, and taught them how to deal with it. They were not afraid to be themselves around me and would even come to me with their problems, instead of hiding them. If something was wrong, they trusted me to find a solution, and to do it in a way that would not embarrass them or result in more problems. Through coaching volleyball, I taught my athletes teamwork, friendship, and hard work. Playing well is only one aspect of the game, and I helped make my players succeed not only as teammates, but as athletes and friends. For the rest of the school year my brother, who is their teacher there, told me the kids got along better. Through coaching I have learned to keep my cool under pressure and make sure I choose the right option for each situation so I don’t end up making a situation worse. I have also learned how to help teach others and make them succeed.

The Power of Persuasive Essay Topics

The Power of Persuasive Essay TopicsThe topics of persuasive essays used by Universities for the sake of students have evolved over the years to the present day. These topics are not just taught to students but rather are encouraged and taught as courses in University of Theses.Students with analytical thinking abilities know that when an argument is put forth with facts, it will build upon the facts and arguments. Therefore, they do not bother about analyzing the idea or creating an intelligent debate. It is easy for them to create an argument through an appeal to authority. This appeal to authority will draw the audience towards the conclusion of the author.You will be surprised to know that some of the persuasive essay topics actually do more harm than good. They are a great tool used by some students to enter into a hostile atmosphere.Many students think that the conclusion of the essay is all important and that it is the ending which will determine the success of the class. They think that if they have the best argument, then the student can argue their point and win the argument. This is a very dangerous move and should be avoided. A good argument has a chance to persuade the student to attend to their other issues and problems.The best way to make persuasive essay topics successful is to keep the attention of the reader on the persuasive argument and not the conclusion. Writing persuasive essays can be hard, but using the power of Persuasive Essay Topics will make it easier.The next time you write an essay, use the power of persuasive essay topics for the betterment of your performance. Use the best topic that will grab the attention of the readers and make the conclusion of the essay powerful.In case you find a great topic, you can try using the power of persuasive essay topics for the best results. Use the power of the persuasive essay topics to create interest in the audience and thus, make an appealing argument to the students. Take advantage of the power of persuasive essay topics to elevate your performance in this field.

The Do This, Get That Guide On Topics Argumentative Essay

The Do This, Get That Guide On Topics Argumentative Essay What's Really Going on with Topics Argumentative Essay Essay writing is a well-known practice in many schools and colleges across the united states. When it has to do with the middle school, the argumentative essay consists of moderate topics. Argumentative essays are a few of the best that you can write as a student. A variety of topics for college needs can use humor as the very best weapon to create a sheet of paper that would eventually draw more students to the writing, though they do not enjoy the ideas of writing. College professors see that students are well-trained and inspired to compose essays when asked to achieve that. Describe the college you would like to visit. College is for a high amount of study. Examine the list to choose the topic which can help you compose a creative essay for your middle school class. Figure out how funny argumentative essay topics can receive the interest of your tutor. You have to have skills to compose a great essay. If you're in a college and wish to compose an argumentative essay, you should decide on a subject of high importance. Remember your essay shouldn't be a string of jokes, it's a narrative it needs to have a start, middle and the end. The essay should have a little structure, unlike a normal essay. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. A definition essay can be hard to write. When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Argumentative essays utilize logic, facts, and reasoning to fix the victor. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, they must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. The primary reason why somebody is writing an argumentative essay is to make an effort to persuade or sway another man or perhaps a group of men and women in your rightness in a particular theme. Topics Argumentative Essay - the Conspiracy There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on this issue. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good idea to start with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. As soon as you have topics to select from, it is essential that you choose one which you can write about comfortably. Whenever you do, you're able to now write on topics which are going to be humorous to them. If you get to select your own topic, that's terrific. Therefore, the topic ought to be debatable! It must be interesting, the topic must be essential and finally the topic must be informative. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Political issues are the ideal example. Argumentative essays look at an idea or a problem and present each side when creating a case for a single side specifically. A personal argumentative essay doesn't need to rely on research in order to earn a situation. Argumentative essays handle the counterargument. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. It is a writing piece meant to persuade someone to think the way you do. It has a specific format that needs to be followed to blow the mind of the reader, and it is especially useful for students as well as the corporate while making strategic proposals. Then you ought to endeavour to select the right argumentative essay format. The thesis will reveal the reader precisely where you stand. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the post can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. Read the list and stay in mind that interesting topics are a proper way for an intriguing assignment. The topics must have two sides and they have to be quite intriguing. Make certain you give clear explanations of the things on your list also. Topics Argumentative Essay Secrets That No One Else Knows About One of the most significant hiccups in choosing funny argumentative essay topics is that comedy is a rather touchy field, and various people have various opinions of what comedy is about. Opt for a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make certain you know a lot about it! Consider picking a topic that has been discussed by lots of individuals. Contradictive Your topic should stir a number of opinions among the general public.

UC Santa Cruz Application Essay Samples - Applying For Transfer

UC Santa Cruz Application Essay Samples - Applying For TransferIf you are a UC Santa Cruz transfer student, you will want to apply for an SRC transfer admissions essay sample. This is in addition to your other papers. Writing a UC Santa Cruz application essay can be a difficult task especially if you don't have the right attitude.Many students rush through their applications to make them look good. For example, some students write a short college essay. This usually does not go through the admissions process because most applicants do not give enough detail. In order to get the most out of your application essay, you need to show the admissions officer why you are better than the other applicants.You will find many application essay samples on the internet. But you need to make sure that you take note of the formatting techniques that should be used. If you're unsure about the terminology, use the Google search engine to look for tutorials or guides to help you write the best college essays. Do this and you will quickly start writing the essay.There are many online colleges that offer classes and writing classes to help students start writing the perfect essay. They are not cheap but if you're interested in earning a college degree, you might want to consider these writing courses. These online writing courses will teach you how to write an academic essay that will impress the admissions officer.The admissions officer will take note of your writing and may ask for extra information. This is where it gets tricky and you need to create your own unique story with your essays. Make sure you research about the admissions officer and the college before starting to write the essay.During the admissions process, the admissions officer will analyze your academic records, athletic abilities, and community involvement to decide which applicants will make the cut. This is why it is important to impress the admissions officer with your personality, personality, and personal ity.No matter what college you go to, you will want to apply for an SRC transfer admissions essay sample. This can give you the chance to display your leadership and innovative spirit.

The Benefits of Federal and State Government Essay Samples

The Benefits of Federal and State Government Essay Samples Quite a few Federalism's cons on the opposite hand are that federalism has been preventing the inception of a nationwide policy. Also, it provides an obstacle to minimizing the possible ways in which original legislation can be destroyed. The interaction procedure for the different degrees of government is based on the thought of federalism. The first system of federalism which can be seen in U.S. history is the notion of dual federalism. Therefore, the gap between wealthy and poor states widens. The defense of the country is under the federal government based on the constitution. In the end, it doesn't eliminate poverty. Inside this view, the federal government may develop a public health policy that is just adopted by certain states while some do not provide any attention to it. A Better Understanding the central government does not have any legitimate method to comprehend what issues and changes will need to be made in every region of the nation. By way of example, in states like Arizona where there's a big Hispanic population and thus, a huge number of schools offer bilingual education. Sustainable means dwelling in such a manner that the natural and limited resources aren't exhausted or vitiated to an extent that produces the upcoming generation suffer. The 5-Minute Rule for Federal and State Government Essay Samples Federal system can cause duplication of government and inefficient, over-lapping or cont radictory policies in various elements of the nation. No governmental system is ideal. The internet E-verify system enables companies to find out the eligibility of prospective employees. Actually unitary systems of government are the most frequent. Federal and State Government Essay Samples - the Conspiracy The different degrees of government in the USA have something called formal interaction. The government of america is constantly changing. President Obama have explained the opponents to consider the students careers and the country's benefits. On the flip side, in addition, there are certain laws that are pertinent to everyone in the usa regardless of the state. The Lost Secret of Federal and State Government Essay Samples State governments have the freedom to adopt policies which might not be followed nationally or by another state. All sides attempt to make the state, government in their opinion. Community colleges appear to have realized that first responders now are also significant in the neighborhood level a realization caused by the failure to react immediately to victims of hurricane Katrina. Can be a state government, a general-purpose regional government like a city or county, or a unique purpose government like a school district. At times, prisoners that are in federal prisons could be moved from one correctional institution to the other, either due to their own security problems or in the event the inmate is near parole so he or she's taken to a prison that's near to her or his state. It is very important to remember that the federal government has the capacity to amend the constitution and for that reason impacts the public health laws created directly. Which means, the powers that aren't granted for the National govt are provided to the states or perhaps the people. Define and give an instance of a key government. What Does Federal and State Government Essay Samples Mean? Consumer Protection Law As a business operator, it is essential for you to understand your rights and responsibilities as soon as it comes to safeguarding your customers. There are specific requirements for assorted jobs. Basically, federal attorneys earn the exact benefits all government employees do, including generous medical in surance plans. Public sector experience is extremely desirable. For instance, you might begin with a gun essay titles definition and add some overall dissertation david scheffer about types of firearms. To begin writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic. You don't say what kind of governemt job. Someone does have to cover it. The absolute most important body of the criminal justice process is police. Federalism is the sole primarily form to the settlement where there's no party in a place to win the absolute. The federal court is considerably more strict for instance you cannot speak to the judge whatsoever during court. In order to cope with the criminals, who cannot be deterred, and crimes, which may not be prevented, the American criminal justice process is acting. The Upside to Federal and State Government Essay Samples Achievements continue to get listed, and personal education rests solely on the person. There are two fu ndamental categories in which governments are grouped as per a decision making. Other examples that appear to fall under both factors incorporate a loss of advantages, eviction and domestic violence and so on. Plan the measures to start. The quantity of federal grants-in-aid also grows during this period of time. Describe the test for determining if a governmental fund is an important fund. It adds to that by making future health care and pension externalities that do not have to be factored into the cost of employment. State governments also supply funding to public health programs based on the requirements of the folks.